12/7/2023 0 Comments Cobalt uses![]() ![]() The following tables were produced in draft form by the Working Group and were subsequently fact-checked but not edited: ![]() Table S1.17 Biomonitoring guidance and reference values for cobalt Table S1.16 Environmental regulations and guidelines for cobalt Table S1.15 Occupational exposure limits of cobalt and its compounds in different countries Table S1.11 Distribution of air concentrations of cobalt by occupational group in industrial sectors, 1996–2016, Italy Table S1.10 Distribution of air concentrations of cobalt in industrial sectors, 1996–2016, Italy Table S1.4 Global production of cobalt in refineries, by country Table S1.3 Global production of cobalt from mining, by country Please report any errors to metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds These tables are available only as supplementary web-only material. ![]() Weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloyĪnnex 1: Supplementary material for Section 1, Exposure Characterization Cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, and pentavalent antimony were each evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).Ĭobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys) and some cobalt compounds.Cobalt(II) oxide and weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).Cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys), soluble cobalt(II) salts, and trivalent antimony are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A).Occupational exposure can occur during munitions production, and military personnel and civilians can be exposed to metal aerosols generated during firing or impact, or via injuries with retained embedded fragments.Īn IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed evidence from cancer studies in humans (available mainly for cobalt and antimony), cancer bioassays in experimental animals, and mechanistic studies to assess the carcinogenic hazard to humans of exposure to these agents and concluded that: Weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy is used in armour-penetrating munitions. Non-occupational exposures occur via water, air, soil, consumer products, and tobacco. Workers can be exposed during smelting, production of antimony compounds, manufacture of glass, textiles, and batteries, and electrical-waste processing. Some pentavalent antimony compounds are used to treat leishmaniasis. The general population is exposed via food, ambient air, tobacco smoke, and medical implants.Īntimony is used in flame retardants, lead–acid batteries, lead alloys, plastics, brake pads, clutch discs, glass and ceramics, and as a primer in explosives. Occupational exposure is expected to occur predominantly during cobalt refining and production of cobalt compounds and dental materials use of diamond–cobalt tools, plate painting with cobalt pigments, manufacture of nickel–hydrogen batteries, hard-metal production, and electronic-waste recycling. This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of nine agents: cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys), soluble cobalt(II) salts, cobalt(II) oxide, cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, trivalent antimony, pentavalent antimony, and weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy.Ĭobalt is used in the manufacture of cutting and grinding tools, in pigments, paints, coloured glass, medical implants, and electroplating, and in lithium-ion battery production. View The Lancet Oncology summary as HTML or PDFįrench version of The Lancet Oncology summary (hosted by Centre Léon Bérard) ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |